Discussion
Heavy nuclei split into two fragments of roughly equal mass. Energy is released in the process. Fission powers nuclear reactors and 'small' nuclear weapons.
spontaneous
Nuclear Fission And Atomic Energy. 2 Scanningcenter Osmania University. SINGLE PAGE PROCESSED TIFF ZIP download.
- FISSION V1.2 can be found HERE. Fission 2.0.1 Available to download for Droid X. Looks like a good one. I do not take credit for this Rom only sharing the information. I keep trying Rubix and Apex and keep coming back. Thank you Team Defuse for your hard work and great ROM.
- Fission is a Firefox add-on that lets users replicate the Safari-style status bar within Firefox. Fission's operation is quite simple; when it's enabled, it fills the address bar with a user.
neutron induced
| 23592U | + | 10n | → | fission fragments | + | 2.4 neutrons | + | 192.9 MeV |
| 23994Pu | + | 10n | → | fission fragments | + | 2.9 neutrons | + | 198.5 MeV |
For example
| 10n | + | 23592U | → | ⎧ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪ ⎩ | 8735Br | + | 14657La | + | 310n |
| 9236Kr | + | 14156Ba | + | 310n | |||||
| 9037Rb | + | 14455Cs | + | 210n | |||||
| 9038Sr | + | 14354Xe | + | 310n | |||||
| 10n | + | 23994Pu | → | 9436Kr | + | 14458Ce | + | 210n |
chain reaction: subcritical, critical, supercritical
Cartoon. Alternating series of parents and daughters and parents and daughters. At the end its nothing but fission fragments and free neutrons. Watch out.
history
chain reaction timeline
- Szilard fled to London to escape Nazi persecution. While in London, he read an article written by Ernest Rutherford in the London Times, after which he conceived the idea of a nuclear chain reaction.
- Filed a patent on the nuclear chain reaction. He first attempted to create a chain reaction using Beryllium and Indium, but neither yielded the reaction he deliberated.
- Assigned the chain-reaction patent to the British Admiralty to ensure secrecy of the patent.
- Moved to New York
- Concluded that uranium would be the element capable of the chain reaction. Composes Einstein's first letter to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt.
- On December 2, 1942, Szilard and Enrico Fermi were successful in creating the first controlled nuclear chain reaction.
Leo Szilard recalls the day
variant 1
As the light changed to green and I crossed the street, it… suddenly occurred to me that if we could find an element which is split by neutrons and which would emit two neutrons when it absorbs one neutron, such an element, if assembled in sufficiently large mass, could sustain a nuclear chain reaction…. I didn't see at the moment just how one would go about finding such an element, or what experiments would be needed, but the idea never left me. In certain circumstances it might be possible to set up a nuclear chain reaction, liberate energy on an industrial scale, and construct atomic bombs.
As the light changed to green and I crossed the street, it… suddenly occurred to me that if we could find an element which is split by neutrons and which would emit two neutrons when it absorbs one neutron, such an element, if assembled in sufficiently large mass, could sustain a nuclear chain reaction…. I didn't see at the moment just how one would go about finding such an element, or what experiments would be needed, but the idea never left me. In certain circumstances it might be possible to set up a nuclear chain reaction, liberate energy on an industrial scale, and construct atomic bombs.
variant 2
I found myself in London about the time of the British Association meeting in [12] September 1933. I read in the newspapers a speech by Lord Rutherford, who was quoted as saying that he who talks about the liberation of atomic energy on an industrial basis is talking moonshine. This set me pondering as I was walking the streets of London, and I remember that I stopped for a red light at the intersection of Southampton Row [at Russell Square]. As the light changed to green and I crossed the street, it suddenly occurred to me that if we could find an element which is split by neutrons and emit two neutrons when it absorbed one neutron, such an element, if assembled in sufficiently large mass, could sustain a nuclear chain reaction. I didn't see at the moment just how one would go about finding such an element, or what experiments would be needed, but the idea never left me. Soon thereafter, when the discovery of artificial radioactivity by Joliot and Mme. Joliot was announced, I suddenly saw that tools were at hand to explore the possibility of such a chain reaction. I talked to a number of people about this…. [I]in the spring of 1934 I had applied for a patent which described the laws governing such a chain reaction. It was the first time, I think, that the concept of critical mass was developed and that a chain reaction was seriously discussed. Knowing what this would mean - and I knew it because I had read H.G. Wells - I did not want this patent to become public. The only way to keep it from becoming public was to assign it to the government. So I assigned this patent to the British Admiralty.
I found myself in London about the time of the British Association meeting in [12] September 1933. I read in the newspapers a speech by Lord Rutherford, who was quoted as saying that he who talks about the liberation of atomic energy on an industrial basis is talking moonshine. This set me pondering as I was walking the streets of London, and I remember that I stopped for a red light at the intersection of Southampton Row [at Russell Square]. As the light changed to green and I crossed the street, it suddenly occurred to me that if we could find an element which is split by neutrons and emit two neutrons when it absorbed one neutron, such an element, if assembled in sufficiently large mass, could sustain a nuclear chain reaction. I didn't see at the moment just how one would go about finding such an element, or what experiments would be needed, but the idea never left me. Soon thereafter, when the discovery of artificial radioactivity by Joliot and Mme. Joliot was announced, I suddenly saw that tools were at hand to explore the possibility of such a chain reaction. I talked to a number of people about this…. [I]in the spring of 1934 I had applied for a patent which described the laws governing such a chain reaction. It was the first time, I think, that the concept of critical mass was developed and that a chain reaction was seriously discussed. Knowing what this would mean - and I knew it because I had read H.G. Wells - I did not want this patent to become public. The only way to keep it from becoming public was to assign it to the government. So I assigned this patent to the British Admiralty.
variant3
On Tuesday, September 12, 1933, while waiting at the lights to cross the road to the British Museum in Bloomsbury, Leo Szilard, a Hungarian theoretical physicist, had the flash of insight which was to result in the Little Boy and Fat Man bombs being dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki less than 12 years later. 'As the light changed to green and I crossed the street, it suddenly occurred to me that if we could find an element which is split by neutrons, and which would emit two neutrons when it absorbs one, such an element could sustain a nuclear chain reaction.'
On Tuesday, September 12, 1933, while waiting at the lights to cross the road to the British Museum in Bloomsbury, Leo Szilard, a Hungarian theoretical physicist, had the flash of insight which was to result in the Little Boy and Fat Man bombs being dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki less than 12 years later. 'As the light changed to green and I crossed the street, it suddenly occurred to me that if we could find an element which is split by neutrons, and which would emit two neutrons when it absorbs one, such an element could sustain a nuclear chain reaction.'
Just take excerpts from this letter by Leo Szilard
I feel that I ought to let you know of a very sensational new development in nuclear physics. In a paper in the Naturwissenschaften Hahn reports that he finds when bombarding uranium with neutrons the uranium breaking up into two halves giving elements of about half the atomic weight of uranium. This is entirely unexpected and exciting news for the average physicist. The Department of Physics at Princeton, where I spent the last few days, was like a stirred-up ant heap.
Apart from the purely scientific interest there may be another aspect of this discovery, which so far does not seem to have caught the attention of those to whom I spoke. First of all it is obvious that the energy released in this new reaction must be very much higher than in all previously known cases. It may be 200 million (electron-) volts instead of the usual 3-10 mil-lion volts. This in itself might make it possible to produce power by means of nuclear energy, but I do not think that this possibility is very exciting, for if the energy output is only two or three times the energy input, the cost of investment would probably be too high to make the process worthwhile.
Unfortunately, most of the energy is released in the form of heat and not in the form of radioactivity.
I see, however, in connection with this new discovery potential possibilities in another direction. These might lead to a large-scale production of energy and radioactive elements, unfortunately also perhaps to atomic bombs. This new discovery revives all the hopes and fears in this respect which I had in 1934 and 1935, and which I have as good as abandoned in the course of the last two years. At present I am running a high temperature and am therefore confined to my four walls, but perhaps I can tell you more about these new developments some other time. Meanwhile you may look out for a paper in 'Nature' by Frisch and Meitner which will soon appear and which might give you some information about this new discovery.
Thorium reactor?
23290Th + 10n → 23392U + 20−1e + 200ν
and U233 fissions into junk and neutrons. Neutrons hit thoriums making more U233s and life goes on.
- Talk about burying the past. The US plans to dump an unused stash of uranium-233 – created in the 1960s and 70s – at an underground facility in Nevada. A report by the Institute for Policy Studies estimates the government spent about $5.5 billion to make 1.5 tonnes of the isotope, but it turned out to be more expensive and less useful than natural uranium. Read more: https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21528843-100-60-seconds/
Fission 3.0 Corp. (“Fission 3”) (TSX VENTURE:FUU) is pleased to announce a summer drill program is currently being prepared for its flagship PLN (Patterson Lake North) property.
Fission 3.0 Corp. (“Fission 3”) (TSX VENTURE:FUU) is pleased to announce a summer drill program is currently being prepared for its flagship PLN (Patterson Lake North) property. The program will include multiple holes focused on high-priority targets within a 700m mineralized corridor identified during the previous drill program. With its proximity to nearby very large and high-grade uranium deposits and with multiple geological and geophysical interpreted features, including an extensive drill identified mineralized corridor, PLN continues to rank as the highest priority project in Fission 3’s portfolio. The work program will be supported by an upcoming, project-focused financing.
PLN is located in the south-west area of Saskatchewan’s Athabasca Basin, immediately adjacent and to the north of Fission Uranium’s PLS project, which hosts the high-grade Triple R uranium deposit. The PLN package consists of a total of 36,537 ha in 37 mineral claims of which Fission 3 has a 90% interest in 27,408 ha (10 mineral claims) and a 100% interest in an additional recently staked 9,129 ha (27 mineral claims). Azincourt Energy Corp. holds a 10% interest in 27,408 ha of the PLN property.
PLN Highlights
- Prospective for high-grade uranium at shallow depth
- Previous results have encountered significant mineralization and pathfinder elements showing large-scale potential
- Adjacent to, and part of the same structural corridor as Fission Uranium’s PLS project, host to the Athabasca’s most significant major, shallow-depth, high-grade uranium deposit
- Previous drill program identified a mineralized corridor approximately 700m in length, including hole PLN14-019 which intercepted 0.5m at 0.047% U3O8 within 6.0m @ 0.012% U3O8 (see map at www.fission3corp.com/projects/pln/overview/)
Ross McElroy, COO, and Chief Geologist for Fission 3, commented,
“The south-west Athabasca Basin is fast emerging as the most promising new uranium district in Saskatchewan, home of the world’s highest grade uranium deposits and responsible for over 20% of the world’s production of uranium. The past few years have seen the discovery of several major high-grade uranium deposits, starting with Fission Uranium’s near surface Triple R deposit in 2012, followed by NexGen’s Arrow discovery in 2014, which have in turn spurred a rush of staking and exploration activities. The large PLN property is well situated in the heart of this exciting and prospective district and with the discovery of a large, 700m long, drill tested mineralized corridor and operated by the same technical team that discovered and advanced the Triple R deposit on the near-by PLS project, Fission 3 is well positioned to take advantage of the opportunities presented by this very prospective property.”
Fission 3 has several drill ready targets on PLN. Of highest priority is follow-up of the encouraging results of PLN14-019 along the A1 conductor trend.
About PLN
The Patterson Lake North (“PLN”) property was acquired by staking in 2004 and became part of the Fission 3.0 Corp. portfolio as part of the Fission Uranium/Alpha Minerals agreement in December 2013. The property comprises 36,537 ha of which Fission 3 has a 90% interest in 27,408 ha and a 100% in 9,129 ha. The property is located immediately adjacent and to the north of Fission Uranium’s PLS high-grade uranium discovery.
Previous work on the property includes a property scale airborne magnetic and electromagnetic “EM” surveys, and ground geophysical surveys including time-domain electromagnetic (TDEM) and magnetotellurics (MT) and DC Resistivity on select areas, supporting programs of prospecting, rock and soil sampling, and relogging and historical drill core. The airborne EM survey successfully discovered and outlined an eight-km long north-south trending package of conductive basement rocks.
In 2014 a total of 4,118m in 13 drill holes tested various geophysics identified targets. Drilling encountered lithological settings with structural complexity similar to that of the primary conductor at Fission Uranium’s PLS project, culminating in the discovery of anomalous mineralization and elevated radioactivity over a 700m strike length along the A1 conductor. Hole PLN14-019, targeting the A1 conductor, returned 0.047% U3O8 over 0.5m within 6.0m @ 0.012% U3O8.
